修饰名词或代词的词、短句或从句,称为定语。可作定语的有:介词短语、形容词、代词、数词、名词、非限定动词、副词、同位语和从句等。按定语所处的位置又可将定语分为前置定语和后置定语。所谓前置定语,即定语位于它所修饰的成分之前。前置定语一般较短,因而较简单。
所谓后置定语,是指位于名词或代词之后的定语。由于科技英语的准确性与严密性,使其频繁使用后置定语。这也是科技英语中复杂长句多的原因之一。因此尽管定语是句子的次要成分,却是影响译文质量好坏的重要因素。
1、介词短语作后置定语
1) In general, ethers are good solvents for fats , waxes and resins.
醚通常是脂肪、蜡和树脂的良好溶剂。
2) The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.
苯中取代基的存在对进入基团的方位及进入的难易程度起着强有力的控制作用
2、形容词(或其短语)作后置定语
3) Ethyne (Acetylene) is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value.
乙炔是热值特别高的烃。
4) All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond.
苯中所有的碳-碳键都一样,具有介乎单键和双键之间的性质。
5) Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
不含有最大可能氢原子数的烃叫不饱和烃。(误译:不含有最大氢原子数的烃可能叫不饱和烃)
3、非限定动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)作后置定语
翻译这类句子时,应特别注意现在分词和过去分词所表示的意义的不同:现在分词往往表示动作正在发生;过去分词则往往表示动作已经完成。
现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义;及物动词(vt.)的过去分词表示被动意义;不及物动词(vi.)的过去分词不具有被动含义,仅表示动作已经完成。
例如:
the evaporated water 若evaporate 为vt.,则译为“被蒸发的水”; 若evaporate 为vi.,则译为“蒸发了的水”。
substituted group 若substitute为vt.,则译为“被取代的基团”; 若substitute为vi.,则译为“取代了的基团”,即“取代基”。
由此可以看出,动词时vt.还是vi.,其代表的意思有时正相反(见上两例)。实际翻译时,应根据上下文决定是哪种译意。
6) It is this nitronium ion that reacts with the hydrocarbon being nitrated.
就是这个硝鎓离子与要被硝化的烃起反应。(现在分词作后置定语)
7) Sewage sludge is an organic material containing a large variety of carbon-based molecules.
污泥是含有大量各种各样的碳基分子的有机物。(现在分词短语作后置定语)
8) The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.
苯的同系物是含有单烷基(取代一个氢)或多烷基(取代多个氢)的物质。(现在分词短语作后置定语)
9) The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom.
酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。(过去分词短语作后置定语)
4、定语从句作后置定语
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。由关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as)或关系副词(where, when, why, as, wherein, whereon)引导。定语从句除译作“……的”外,还有许多翻译技巧和方法。概括起来主要有以下几种:
Ⅰ、 翻译成定语
译成“……的”,置于被修饰的词之前。
10) When fuels burn, they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made.
燃料燃烧时,又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。
11) One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals, but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life. 也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解,但是他可能并不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已达到什么样的程度。
Ⅱ、译成表示同等关系的并列分句
这样的定语从句,起着对先行词进一步说明的作用,往往译成并列分句。有时加译“其、它、这”等词。例句:
12) An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.
酸是这样一种化合物,其溶液能产生氢离子。
13) The first higher homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive.
苯的第一个高级同系物是甲苯,它是制造炸药的原料。
14) The elements themselves were changing , which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists.
这些元素本身也在变化,这是 除了古代炼金术士以外,人们一直认为不可能的事。
Ⅲ、译成表示转折的并列分句
当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气转折时,可译成转折句。加译“而、但、却、可、是”等。
例句:
15) Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
物质是由分子组成的 ,而分子又是由原子组成的。
16) Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.
伯醇的和缓氧化生成醛,而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。
Ⅳ、译成状语从句
当定语从句在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等的状语从句时,就可以译成状语从句。可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词。
17) The water should be free from dissolved salts which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating.
水中应不含溶解盐,因为它会沉积在管壁上,导致过热。(表原因)
18) For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.
不管什么物质,只要知道其分子式,就能求出与分子式相应的质量。 (表条件)
19) The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn.
这些研究的重大成就给有机化学的整个领域带来了理论上的统一,从而使有机化学原理的教和学变得较为容易。(表结果)
Ⅴ、由“as”引导的非限制性定语从句,相当于表示说话人态度和看法的插入语,英译汉时,一般译成状语从句:“正如…那样”。
20) As has been pointed out above , solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids.
正如上面所指出的,固体的膨胀没有气体和液体的那么大。
21) As we know, the molecules of gas move freely in all directions.
大家都知道,气体分子向四面八方自由运动。
ⅤI 、同位语从句作后置定语
22) This explains the rule that like dissolves like.
这就解释了相似相溶的规则。
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