汉语由于自身的特点,可以构成许多歇后语与双关语,这是英语所望尘莫及的。汉语的不少歇后语本身就包含双关语,均属于熟语。由于它们在英语中难于找到对应成分,故而翻译成英文就相当困难。
尽管汉语歇后语和双关语的英译如此困难,尽管英、汉两种语言千差万別,但是天津翻译公司可以用完全不同的语言来表达完全相同的内容。我国译界早有人对此进行了研究,提出了有关歇后语英译的种种方法,归纳起来,主要有如下五条:
一、解释法
虽说翻译也是一种解释,但毕竞与我们所说的解释不同:解释比翻译的含义广,更自由,叙述较多,不那么讲究对应。譬如对“和尚打伞——无法无天”这ー歇后语与双关语的翻译只有通过解释法才能完成:
"...It is a double pun. A monk has a shaven head, hence no hair. A monk under an umbrella is cut off from the sky, hence no heaven. But fa also means "law",and tian also means “heaven”in the sense of supreme ruling power. Thus a monk under an umbrella is a man without law or limit — a rebel like Monkey (who accompanied the monk Tripitaka on his legendary journey to India), unbound by established rules, institutions or conventions,whether earthly or divine. ”
二、借助上下文直译法
这种译法主要是将一种语言的双关语译成另ー种语言的双关语,有作适当转换和不作转换两种译法,这两种译法都得借助上下 文,才能基本做到译文和原文“形似”与“神似”的统一。例如,钱歌川英译茅盾的小说《动摇》吋,遇到这样一段话:
胡太太叹了口气,看见胡国光还是ー肚子心事似的踱方步。
“张铁嘴怎么说的?”胡太太惴惴地问。
“很好,不用瞎担心了。我还有委员的福分呢!”
“么事的桂圆!”
“是委员!从前兴的是大人老爷,现在兴委员了!你还不明白?”
这里出现了 “委员”与“桂圆”的谐音。钱歌川也感到棘手,苦思良久,オ巧妙地译出下文:
Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about as before.
“What did Chang Tieh-tsui say?” she asked timidly.
“He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble, I have the possibility of being a member of a Commmee!"
"What's a common tea?" asked the wife, who only vaguely caught the sound.
“A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Don't you still understand?”
这里,钱先生把汉语中“委员”与“桂圆”的谐音变成了英语中Committee 与 Common tea 的谐音, 自然贴切,又无斧凿之痕,达到了 “情与貌,略相似”。